Attendance - 50% of the Fan Base score

Average home league attendance per season from 1980–81 to 2024–25 (45 seasons), expressed as a percentage of the #1 club in each season and then averaged across seasons. Each season is weighted equally - so no recency bias. The COVID seasons (2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22) are discounted.

Data sources for attendance

Transfermarkt is the single authoritative source covering roughly 75% of all info, and naturally this has strong coverage of the big clubs. The remaining ~25% are filled using, in order of preference: (1) linear interpolation between adjacent known years; (2) league-trend × club-scale modelling; (3) external-knowledge baselines where verified data is sparse (e.g. pre-1989 Argentina during the hyperinflation crisis); (4) single-club-country direct baselines (Georgia, Slovakia, Ecuador, where the club essentially is the league); (5) specific historical overrides for known facts - for example, Aberdeen 1982–83 = 19,500 as Cup Winners' Cup winners under Ferguson; a +18% continental-trophy boost in CL or Libertadores winning years, +12% afterglow the following season, +5–10% for finalists, +10% for Europa / Sudamericana / CAF / AFC CL winners; stadium-renovation adjustments (e.g. Maracanã 2010–12 reducing Flamengo and Fluminense attendances by ~35%); and war / political-shock adjustments (Croatian War 1991–95, Yugoslav UN sanctions 1992–95, Argentine 1989–91 hyperinflation, NASL collapse 1984 affecting US clubs).

Social media - 50% of the Fan Base score

Total followers across YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, X and TikTok, summed across all official club accounts starting from 2023. As with Attendance, values expressed as a percentage of the #1 club in each season and then averaged across seasons, with each season weighted equally. 

Data sources for social media

CIES for the top c.100 clubs, and then individually sourced for each of the smaller clubs directly from the 5 social media platforms.

Continental trophies: 50% of the trophy score.

POINTS ALLOCATION:

- 15 points for winning the top continental cup (Champions League / Copa Libertadores / AFC Champions League / CAF Champions League / OFC Champions League / CONCACAF Champions Cup).
- 5 points for the second-tier continental cup (Europa League / Copa Sudamericana / equivalent).
- 2 points for the third-tier (UEFA Conference League / equivalent).
- 25% of points allocated to losing finalists.
- European Super Cups do not count.

MULTIPLIERS:

(1) CONTINENTAL STRENGTH MULTIPLIER - how well each federation does at the World Cup and Club World Cup, with a smoothing function (SQRT) so the gap between strong and weak federations isn't extreme. In practice: UEFA = 1.0, CONMEBOL ≈ 0.80, and other federations sit lower. The exact weighting points are: World Cup win 20, runner-up 10, third-placed 4, fourth-placed 2 points; Club World Cup (and equivalents) are 25% of these.

Domestic trophies: the other 50% of the trophy score.

THE HEADLINE IDEA is simple: points for league titles + points for cup wins, but with three multipliers afterwards to make sure a Serbian title isn't valued the same as a Spanish one.

POINTS ALLOCATION:

(A) LEAGUE POINTS - 2 points per top-flight league title won.
- In countries where two league championships are awarded each year (Mexico's Apertura/Clausura, plus Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay), each half-season title counts as 0.5. Older long-season titles from those same countries - won before the league split into two short tournaments - still count as the full 1.0.

(B) CUP POINTS - every season offers exactly 1 point of cup credit.
- In countries with only one cup, the cup winner gets the full 1.0 that season.
- In countries with both a primary and a secondary cup, the primary cup winner gets 2/3 of a point and the secondary cup winner gets 1/3. The 6 countries this applies to are: England (FA Cup + League Cup since 1960), France (Coupe de France + Coupe de la Ligue, 1994-2020 only), Scotland (Scottish Cup + League Cup since 1946), Portugal (Taça de Portugal + Taça da Liga since 2007), Germany (DFB-Pokal + DFL-Ligapokal, 1972 one-off plus 1997-2007), and Spain (Copa del Rey + Copa de la Liga, 1982-1986 only). For every other country and for the years either cup didn't exist, it reverts to the 1.0-to-the-winner rule.
- One-off curtain-raiser super-cups (Community Shield, Trophée des Champions, Supercoppa Italiana, Johan Cruyff Schaal, etc.) don't count.

MULTIPLIERS:

(1) LEAGUE STRENGTH MULTIPLIER - how good the country's clubs are in continental tournaments, with a smoothing function. Spain = 1.0 (top), England ≈ 0.88, Italy ≈ 0.79, Germany ≈ 0.64, all the way down to small leagues at ≈ 0.10. Translation: winning La Liga is worth a lot more than winning the Croatian league.

(2) CONTINENTAL STRENGTH MULTIPLIER - same coefficient as the continental trophies section above, but where FIFA World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup / Intercontinental Cups are considered. UEFA = 1.0 (top), CONEMBOL (South America) ≈ 0.8, CAF (Africa) ≈ 0.14, CONCACAF (North America) ≈ 0.12, AFC (Asia) ≈ 0.12, OFC (Oceania) ≈ 0.04.

(3) LEAGUE INTENSITY MULTIPLIER - designed to stop dominated leagues like Scotland (where Celtic + Rangers have won almost everything) or Germany (Bayern Munich) from running away with the score. Calculated using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI and SQRT) - the standard concentration measure used in economics and antitrust analysis to gauge how dominated a market is by its largest players. So in a wide-open league (e.g. England) this is 1.0, while in Scotland it's ≈ 0.45, and Germany it's ≈ 0.74.

Average revenue per season from 1997–98 to the present

Expressed as a percentage of the world's highest-revenue club in each season, then averaged across seasons. All figures are in EUR millions, converted from the club's local reporting currency at year-specific average exchange rates.

Data sources for Revenue

Primary sources - the spine of the data. Deloitte Football Money League (published every February since 1998), audited annual accounts, and league-specific reports such as the Sports Value annual reports for Brazil. The coverage for the big teams is pretty good: Top 20 clubs ~ 90% coverage from confirmed sources; Top 50 clubs ~ 70%; and even the Top 100 is more than 50%. So its mainly the smaller clubs where we needed to add in estimates.

Estimation methods, for gaps in the published data:

1. Log-linear interpolation - the primary method and pretty solid. Between two known revenue figures, assume compound growth between them.

2. Single-anchor extrapolation - for smaller clubs with only a handful of published data points, calibrated against league trend, attendance and league positioning.

3. Event-driven adjustments - applied where a specific event materially affected revenue (promotion or relegation, Champions League runs, club takeovers, financial crises producing revenue cliffs).

4. Currency-crisis adjustments - applied where local-currency reporting in a crisis year would otherwise wildly distort the EUR figure.

Player awards (50% of Iconic Players pillar)

The club a player was at WHEN they won an award gets the points. Other clubs they play / played for get a pro-rata split of up to 50% of these points (earning 10% per season and capped at 50% (5 seasons), with anything unearned kept by the award-winning club).

Awards counted:

1. MAJOR TOURNAMENTS (FIFA World Cup + 6 Continental Confederation championships - Euros, Copa America, AFCON, Asian Cup, Gold Cup, Nations Cup):
- 15 points: Player of the Tournament
- 5 points: Top Scorer
- 5 points: Winning Captain
Multipliers: (i) full weight for World Cup, half for continental; (ii) continental strength weighting (e.g. Euro 1.0 vs Copa America 0.8); (iii) frequency weighting (every-4-year tournaments get full credit; more frequent ones less)

2. PLAYER OF THE YEAR AWARDS:
- 3 / 2 / 1 points for top three placings
- Awards covered: Ballon d'Or family (Ballon d'Or, FIFA World POTY, FIFA Ballon d'Or, The Best FIFA Men's Player); 6 continental POTYs (CAF, CONMEBOL El Mundo + El País, CONCACAF, AFC, Oceania); and the top 24 domestic leagues' POTY equivalents (PFA / FWA, La Liga LPF, Serie A Footballer of the Year + Guerin d'Oro, Bundesliga Kicker etc), plus four historical/defunct competitions to capture earlier eras: the Soviet, Yugoslav, Czechoslovak and NASL (USA) Footballer of the Year
- Multipliers: (i) Global = 1.0, Continental = 0.5, Top-league = 0.5; (ii) continental strength as above; (iii) league strength as above; (iv) ABROAD multiplier = 0 if the player wins a league POTY/Top Scorer but plays for a club outside that league (avoids inflating nationality-eligibility awards).

3. TOP SCORER AWARDS:
- 1 point each for league top scorer in the top 12 leagues
- Same multipliers as Player of the Year

4. FIFA HALL OF FAME INDUCTEE: 15 points (used as a proxy for legends from before formal awards existed for them — e.g. pre-1956 Europeans, pre-1971 South Americans)

5. WORLD RECORD TRANSFER FEE: 3 points to the buying club only

150% FALLBACK: if a player has no other historic clubs in our database, such as a Maldini at AC Milan or a Totti at Roma, the award club receives 150% of the points (so no points leak away).

Cultural icons (50% of Iconic Players pillar).

A separate ranking that captures how culturally iconic a player is, recognising that great players aren't always those with the most trophies (Beckham, Ginola, Totti etc.). Based on EA Sports FC 26 game (Hero and Icon cards).

1. PLAYER POINT POOL: each player has a points pool of (OVR − 84) × type multiplier
- Icon card = 1.0× multiplier; Hero card = 0.75× multiplier
- Example: Iniesta (Icon, OVR 92) = 12 points; Eden Hazard (Hero, OVR 88) = 6 points
- The OVR-84 floor accounts for all Icon or Hero players being a minimum of OVR-85 and so emphasises the degree of separation between great players and truly iconic players

2. PLAYER POOL: 224 EA-included Icon and Hero players, supplemented with 91 further entries (a ~40% top-up), in two groups:
- Active players (27) added on EA Team-of-the-Year (TOTY) logic, counting appearances across all 18 EA editions (FIFA 09 in 2009 through EA FC 26 in 2026): 3+ TOTY appearances = Icon-equivalent (Mbappé, Messi, De Bruyne, CR7, Sergio Ramos, Modrić, Kanté, Bellingham, Dani Alves, Piqué, Van Dijk, Neymar); 2 TOTY appearances = Hero-equivalent (Neuer, Lewandowski, Donnarumma, Hakimi, Dias, Theo, Rodri, Haaland, Kane, Suárez, Bonucci, Mané, Benzema, Salah, Trent Alexander-Arnold).
- Manual additions (64) correcting for:

(i) Recency bias - pre-1985 greats EA has never carded (José Leandro Andrade, Obdulio Varela, Tostão, Sandro Mazzola, Sepp Maier, Johan Neeskens, Ruud Krol, Giuseppe Meazza, Sándor Kocsis, Nándor Hidegkuti, etc.), plus a few modern icons EA omits (Platini, Agüero, Robben, Cavani, Paolo Rossi).
(ii) South American / African / Eastern European under-representation - South Americans (Varela, Andrade, Ghiggia, Heleno, plus newly added Elías Figueroa, Alberto Spencer, Teófilo Cubillas, José Luis Chilavert), Africans (Salif Keita, El-Khatib, Roger Milla, Ben Barek, plus Rabah Madjer), and Eastern Europeans (Streltsov, Džajić, Bican, Belanov, plus Zbigniew Boniek).

3. CLUB ALLOCATION by tier:
- 'Iconic Tier' slots (up to 3): clubs where the player had their defining iconic period (e.g. Cruyff = Ajax + Barcelona). Weight 3 each.
- 'Other Iconic' slots (up to 3): clubs where the player was also iconic but to a lesser degree (e.g. Cruyff = Feyenoord). Weight 1 each.
- Non-iconic residual: ALL other clubs the player played at (e.g. Cruyff = Washington Diplomats and Los Angeles Aztecs) allocated pro-rata based on seasons played (with a max 10% CAP). Combined weight 0.5, split among them by seasons played.
- Each club's allocation = (its weight / total weight) × player's points